Applied Social Research A Tool for Human Services (with InfoTrac),9780534628581

Applied Social Research A Tool for Human Services (with InfoTrac)

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Edition: 6th
ISBN13: 9780534628581
ISBN10: 0534628583
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2004-05-28
Publisher(s): Brooks Cole
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Summary

1. Research in the Human Services. 2. The Logic of Social Research. 3. Ethical Issues in Social Research. 4. Issues in Problem Formulation. 5. The Process of Measurement. 6. Sampling. 7. Survey Research. 8. Analysis of Available Data. 9. Field Research and Qualitative Methods. 10. Experimental Research. 11. Single-System Designs. 12. Evaluation Research. 13. Scaling. 14. Data Analysis I: Data Preparation and Presentation. 15. Data Analysis II: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics. 16. Analysis of Qualitative Data. 17. Writing for Research: Grant Proposals and Report Writing. Appendix A. A Guide to Library Use and Information Retrieval. Appendix B. Generating Random Numbers. Glossary. References.

Table of Contents

Preface xix
New to the Sixth Edition xxiii
Acknowledgments xxvii
Research in the Human Services
1(17)
Research in the Human Services
4(4)
Goals of Research
4(1)
Applications of Research
5(3)
Special Issues: Research on Minorities and Women
8(1)
Parallels and Linkages between Research and Practice
8(4)
Steps in Conducting Research
8(2)
Steps in Practice Intervention
10(2)
The Plan of the Book
12(3)
Main Points
15(1)
Important Terms for Review
15(1)
Exploring InfoTrac® College Edition and the Internet
15(1)
For Further Reading
16(1)
Exercises for Class Discussion
17(1)
The Logic of Social Research
18(30)
Sources of Knowledge
19(6)
Tradition
19(1)
Experience
20(1)
Common Sense
21(1)
Journalism
21(1)
Science
22(2)
Scientific Practice
24(1)
Theories in Research and Practice
25(5)
What Is a Theory?
27(1)
The Functions of Theories
28(2)
Concepts and Hypotheses
30(3)
Defining Concepts
30(1)
Developing Hypotheses
31(1)
Concepts and Operational Definitions among Minority Populations
32(1)
Perspectives on Science
33(8)
Deduction versus Induction
33(1)
Types of Explanation
34(3)
Paradigms in Science
37(4)
Cause-and-Effect Relationships
41(3)
Main Points
44(1)
Important Terms for Review
44(1)
Exploring InfoTrac® College Edition and the Internet
45(1)
For Further Reading
45(1)
Exercises for Class Discussion
46(2)
Ethical Issues in Social Research
48(27)
The Minority Experience: The Need for Ethical Standards
50(3)
Ethical Issues
53(16)
Informed Consent
53(2)
Deception
55(1)
The Right to Privacy: Anonymity and Confidentiality
56(3)
Harm, Distress, and Benefit
59(3)
Sponsored Research
62(1)
Scientific Misconduct and Fraud
63(2)
Scientific Advocacy
65(1)
Protecting Vulnerable Clients
66(2)
Withholding Treatment for Research Purposes
68(1)
Codes of Ethics
69(2)
Main Points
71(1)
Important Terms for Review
72(1)
Exploring InfoTrac® College Edition and the Internet
72(1)
For Further Reading
73(1)
Exercises for Class Discussion
74(1)
Issues in Problem Formulation
75(26)
Selecting a Research Problem
76(6)
Personal Interest
76(1)
Social Problems
76(1)
Testing Theory
77(1)
Prior Research
77(1)
Program Evaluation
77(2)
Human Service Practice
79(1)
Minorities in Research: The Political Context of Problem Selection
80(2)
Shaping and Refining the Problem
82(10)
Conceptual Development
82(1)
Review of the Literature
83(3)
Units of Analysis
86(2)
Reactivity
88(1)
Qualitative versus Quantitative Research
89(1)
Cross-Sectional versus Longitudinal Research
89(3)
Feasibility of a Research Project
92(5)
Time Constraints
92(1)
Financial Considerations
93(2)
Anticipating and Avoiding Problems
95(2)
Main Points
97(1)
Important Terms for Review
98(1)
Exploring InfoTrac® College Edition and the Internet
98(1)
For Further Reading
99(1)
Exercises for Class Discussion
99(2)
The Process of Measurement
101(28)
Ways of Measuring
102(7)
From Concepts to Indicators
102(2)
Techniques of Measuring
104(1)
Positivist and Nonpositivist Views of Measurement
105(4)
Levels of Measurement
109(4)
Nominal Measures
109(1)
Ordinal Measures
110(1)
Interval Measures
110(1)
Ratio Measures
111(1)
Discrete versus Continuous Variables
112(1)
Evaluating Measures
113(7)
Validity
113(3)
Reliability
116(3)
Measurement with Minority Populations
119(1)
Errors in Measurement
120(3)
Random Errors
121(1)
Systematic Errors
121(1)
Improving Validity and Reliability
122(1)
Choosing a Measurement Device
123(2)
Main Points
125(1)
Important Terms for Review
126(1)
Exploring InfoTrac® College Edition and the Internet
126(1)
For Further Reading
127(1)
Exercises for Class Discussion
127(2)
Sampling
129(28)
The Purpose of Sampling
130(1)
Sampling Terminology
131(3)
Populations and Samples
131(1)
Sampling Frames
131(2)
A Classic Sampling Disaster
133(1)
Probability Samples
134(10)
Simple Random Sampling
134(1)
Systematic Sampling
135(1)
Stratified Sampling
135(2)
Area Sampling
137(4)
Estimating Sample Size
141(3)
Nonprobability Samples
144(7)
Availability Sampling
145(1)
Snowball Sampling
146(1)
Quota Sampling
147(1)
Purposive Sampling
148(2)
Dimensional Sampling
150(1)
Sampling with Minority Populations
151(1)
A Note on Sampling in Practice
152(1)
Main Points
153(1)
Important Terms for Review
154(1)
Exploring InfoTrac® College Edition and the Internet
155(1)
For Further Reading
155(1)
Exercises for Class Discussion
156(1)
Survey Research
157(36)
Designing Questions
158(6)
Closed-Ended versus Open-Ended Questions
158(3)
Wording of Questions
161(3)
Questionnaires
164(8)
Structure and Design
164(1)
Response Rate
165(4)
Checking for Bias Due to Nonresponse
169(1)
An Assessment of Questionnaires
170(2)
Interviews
172(10)
The Structure of Interviews
172(5)
Contacting Respondents
177(1)
Conducting an Interview
178(2)
Minorities and the Interview Relationship
180(1)
An Assessment of Interviews
181(1)
Telephone Surveys
182(2)
Online Surveys
184(1)
Focus Groups
185(2)
Practice and Research Interviews Compared
187(3)
Main Points
190(1)
Important Terms for Review
190(1)
Exploring InfoTrac® College Edition and the Internet
190(1)
For Further Reading
191(1)
Exercises for Class Discussion
192(1)
Analysis of Available Data
193(25)
Statistical Data
194(9)
Sources of Statistical Data
194(2)
Using Statistical Data
196(7)
Content Analysis
203(3)
Coding Schemes
203(1)
Units of Analysis
204(1)
Manifest versus Latent Coding
205(1)
Issues in Content Analysis
206(4)
Validity
206(1)
Reliability
207(1)
Level of Measurement
207(2)
Sampling
209(1)
Assessment of Available Data Analysis
210(4)
Advantages
210(1)
Disadvantages
211(1)
Using Available Data in Research on Minorities
212(2)
Main Points
214(1)
Important Terms for Review
215(1)
Exploring InfoTrac® College Edition and the Internet
215(1)
For Further Reading
216(1)
Exercises for Class Discussion
216(2)
Field Research and Qualitative Methods
218(37)
Characteristics of Qualitative Methods
219(2)
Contextual Approach
219(1)
Grounded Theory Methodology
220(1)
Field Research
221(7)
Participant Observation
221(5)
Unobtrusive Observation
226(2)
Steps in Field Research
228(4)
Problem Formulation
228(1)
Selecting a Field Setting
228(1)
Entering the Field
228(1)
Developing Rapport in the Field
229(1)
Becoming Invisible
230(1)
Attitude of the Researcher
230(1)
Observing and Recording in the Field
231(1)
Going Native
231(1)
Exiting the Field
232(1)
Recording Observations in Field Research
232(7)
Qualitative Observation: Field Notes
232(2)
Quantitative Observation: Coding Sheets
234(5)
Other Qualitative Methods
239(3)
In-Depth Interviewing
240(1)
Case Studies, Life Histories, and Narratives
240(1)
Focus Groups
241(1)
Issues in Observational and Field Research
242(5)
Sampling
242(2)
Validity and Reliability
244(2)
Reactivity
246(1)
Observational and Field Research on Minority Populations
246(1)
Assessment of Field Techniques and Qualitative Methods
247(2)
Advantages
247(1)
Disadvantages
248(1)
Observation in Human Service Practice
249(2)
Main Points
251(1)
Important Terms for Review
252(1)
Exploring InfoTrac® College Edition and the Internet
252(1)
For Further Reading
253(1)
Exercises for Class Discussion
253(2)
Experimental Research
255(33)
The Logic of Experimentation
257(9)
Causation and Control
257(2)
Matching and Randomization
259(5)
Internal Validity
264(2)
Experimental Designs
266(11)
Preexperimental Designs
266(1)
True Experimental Designs
267(6)
Quasi-Experimental Designs
273(2)
Modes of Data Collection in Experiments
275(2)
External Validity
277(4)
Reactive Effects of Testing
277(1)
Unrepresentative Samples
277(1)
Reactive Settings
278(1)
Multiple-Treatment Interference
279(1)
Enhancing the External Validity of Experiments
280(1)
Lack of Minority Participation and Analysis
281(1)
Assessment of Experiments
281(3)
Advantages
281(1)
Disadvantages
282(2)
Main Points
284(1)
Important Terms for Review
285(1)
Exploring InfoTrac® College Edition and the Internet
285(1)
For Further Reading
285(1)
Exercises for Class Discussion
286(2)
Single-System Designs
288(28)
The Clinical Research Model
289(2)
The Clinical Research Process
291(9)
Identify Problems
291(1)
Establish Goals
291(1)
Select a Single-System Design
292(1)
Establish and Measure the Baseline
292(3)
Introduce Treatment
295(1)
Assess Treatment Effects
296(4)
Types of Single-System Designs
300(10)
Single-Treatment Designs
301(4)
Specialized Designs
305(5)
Generalizability of Single-System Designs
310(1)
Assessment of the Clinical Research Model
311(1)
Advantages
311(1)
Disadvantages
311(1)
Main Points
312(2)
Important Terms for Review
314(1)
Exploring InfoTrac® College Edition and the Internet
314(1)
For Further Reading
314(1)
Exercises for Class Discussion
315(1)
Evaluation Research
316(27)
What Is Evaluation Research?
317(3)
Why Evaluate?
317(1)
Evaluation Research and Basic Research
317(2)
The Politics of Evaluation Research
319(1)
Types of Evaluation Research
320(1)
Formative Evaluation Research
320(2)
Summative Evaluation Research
322(16)
Evaluability Assessment
322(2)
Specification of Variables
324(1)
Measuring Variables
325(1)
The Evaluation of Minorities in Evaluation Research
326(1)
Designs for Evaluation Research
327(5)
Nonpositivist Approaches to Evaluation
332(1)
Cost-Benefit Analysis
333(4)
Cost-Effective Analysis
337(1)
Barriers to the Use of Evaluation Research
338(1)
Main Points
339(1)
Important Terms for Review
340(1)
Exploring InfoTrac® College Edition and the Internet
340(1)
For Further Reading
341(1)
Exercises for Class Discussion
342(1)
Scaling
343(25)
Advantages of Scaling
344(1)
Improved Validity
344(1)
Improved Reliability
344(1)
Increased Level of Measurement
344(1)
Increased Efficiency in Data Handling
344(1)
Developing Scales
345(3)
Sources of Scale Items
345(1)
Characteristics of Scale Items
346(2)
Scaling Formats
348(12)
Likert Scales
348(3)
Thurstone Scales
351(2)
Semantic Differential Scales
353(2)
Guttman Scales
355(4)
Multidimensional Scales
359(1)
Avoiding Response Bias
360(2)
Sources of Response Bias
360(1)
Reducing Response Bias
361(1)
Scaling in the Human Services
362(2)
Main Points
364(1)
Important Terms for Review
365(1)
Exploring InfoTrac® College Edition and the Internet
365(1)
For Further Reading
366(1)
Exercises for Class Discussion
367(1)
Data Analysis I: Data Preparation and Presentation
368(33)
Preparation for Data Analysis
369(5)
Coding Schemes
369(5)
Preparing and Using a Codebook
374(1)
Data Entry
374(4)
Raw Data Entry
374(2)
Data Cleaning
376(1)
Creating New Variables
377(1)
Data Distributions
378(6)
Types of Data Distributions
378(2)
Constructing Frequency Distributions
380(4)
Graphical Display of Data Distributions
384(3)
Bar Graphs
384(2)
Histograms and Frequency Polygons
386(1)
Pie Charts
386(1)
Contingency Tables
387(11)
Bivariate Relationships
387(6)
Multivariate Analysis
393(5)
Main Points
398(1)
Important Terms for Review
398(1)
Exploring InfoTrac® College Edition and the Internet
398(1)
For Further Reading
399(1)
Exercises for Class Discussion
400(1)
Data Analysis II: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
401(26)
Considerations in Choosing Statistics
402(3)
Level of Measurement
402(1)
Goals of the Data Analysis
403(1)
Number of Variables
404(1)
Properties of the Data
404(1)
Audience
405(1)
Descriptive Statistics
405(9)
Measures of Central Tendency
406(1)
Measures of Dispersion
407(1)
Measures of Association
408(3)
The Normal Distribution
411(3)
Inferential Statistics
414(10)
Probability Theory
415(1)
Sampling Distributions
415(1)
Statistical Hypothesis Testing
416(2)
Statistical Procedures
418(6)
Main Points
424(1)
Important Terms for Review
424(1)
Exploring InfoTrac® College Edition and the Internet
424(1)
For Further Reading
425(1)
Exercises for Class Discussion
425(2)
Analysis of Qualitative Data
427(26)
Goals of Qualitative Data Analysis
428(2)
Data Reduction and Analysis
430(9)
Codes and Coding
430(6)
Reflective Remarks and Memos
436(1)
Contextualizing Strategies
437(2)
Displaying Data
439(3)
Narrative Text
439(1)
Visual Displays
439(3)
Conclusions and Verification
442(5)
Using Computers in Qualitative Research
447(2)
Coding and Retrieving Data
447(1)
Data Analysis and Hypothesis Testing
448(1)
Conceptualization and Theory Building
449(1)
Main Points
449(1)
Important Terms for Review
450(1)
Exploring InfoTrac® College Edition and the Internet
450(1)
For Further Reading
451(1)
Exercises for Class Discussion
451(2)
Writing for Research: Grant Proposals and Report Writing
453(24)
The Grant Funding Process
454(5)
Federal Government Funding Sources
454(1)
State Government Grants
455(1)
Private Funding Sources
456(1)
Learning about Funding Opportunities
457(2)
Grant Proposal Planning
459(4)
Proposal Development as a Process
459(1)
Identifying the Topic
460(1)
Needs Assessment
460(1)
Specifying the Organization's Mission
461(1)
Developing a Program
461(1)
Targeting a Funding Source
462(1)
Contacting and Visiting Funding Sources
463(1)
Writing the Grant Proposal
463(6)
Appearance and Writing Style
465(1)
Components of the Proposal
466(3)
Submitting the Proposal
469(1)
Writing a Research Report
469(5)
Consideration of the Audience
470(1)
Organization of the Report
471(2)
The Process of Writing
473(1)
Main Points
474(1)
Important Terms for Review
474(1)
Exploring InfoTrac® College Edition and the Internet
474(1)
For Further Reading
475(1)
Exercises for Class Discussion
476(1)
Appendix A: A Guide to Library Use and Information Retrieval
477(14)
Organization of the Library
478(1)
Library Departments
478(1)
Accessing Library Materials and Other Information
479(1)
Books
479(3)
The Classification System
479(2)
The Library Catalog
481(1)
Periodicals
482(2)
The Classification System
482(1)
Journals Important to the Human Services
483(1)
Online Databases
484(2)
Reference Books for the Human Services
486(1)
Government Documents
486(2)
Information Literacy and Critical Thinking Skills
488(1)
For Further Reading
488(3)
Appendix B: Generating Random Numbers
491(4)
Glossary 495(8)
References 503(20)
Name Index 523(10)
Subject Index 533

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