Computer Modelling of Electrical Power Systems,9780471872498

Computer Modelling of Electrical Power Systems

by ;
Edition: 2nd
ISBN13: 9780471872498
ISBN10: 0471872490
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2001-03-30
Publisher(s): WILEY
List Price: $324.21

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Summary

Computer models can be used to simulate the changing states of electrical power systems. Such simulations enable the power engineer to study performance and predict disturbances. Focusing on the performance of the power system boosted by the FACTS. (Flexible Alternate Current Transmission Systems), this timely update of a highly successful text responds to recent developments in power electronics. Comprehensive coverage includes ? The mathematical background, algorithms and the basic tools needed to study complex power systems, their interaction and likely response to different types of network pathologies or disturbances ? The latest improvements in network modelling techniques ? Power electronics equipment Written by an internationally renowned author in the field, this text is a valuable reference resource for practising engineers responsible for power supply systems as well as electrical engineering postgraduates.

Author Biography

Jos Arrillaga is an experienced author, now an Emeritus Professor from the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Canterbury, New Zealand. He has written 10 books, including five for Wiley on the topic of electrical power systems, such as Power System Harmonics, Second Edition, Computer Modelling of Electrical Power Systems, Second Edition and High Voltage Direct Current Transmission. He has also written over 350 journal and conference papers. During the course of his career he has supervised around 50 PhD and 60 MSc/ME theses, most of them on the subject of high voltage direct current transmission, and he has also participated and convened several working groups. In 1997 he was awarded the Uno Lamm medal for outstanding contributions to HVDC transmission and he was in the New Years Honours list as a member of the New Zealand order of Merit.

Table of Contents

Preface xi
Introduction
1(4)
General Background
1(1)
The New Computer Environment
2(1)
Transmission System Developments
3(1)
Theoretical Models and Computer Programs
3(2)
Transmission Systems
5(48)
Introduction
5(1)
Linear Transformation Techniques
5(2)
Basic Single-phase Modelling
7(4)
Transmission lines
7(1)
Transformer on nominal ratio
8(1)
Off-nominal transformer tap representation
9(1)
Phase-shifting representation
10(1)
Three-phase System Analysis
11(7)
Discussion of the frame of reference
11(2)
The use of compound admittances
13(4)
Rules for forming the admittance matrix of simple networks
17(1)
Network subdivision
18(1)
Three-phase Models of Transmission Lines
18(13)
Series impedance
18(2)
Shunt admittance
20(2)
Equivalent π model
22(2)
Mutually coupled three-phase lines
24(2)
Consideration of terminal connections
26(1)
Shunt elements
27(1)
Series elements
28(1)
Line sectionalization
28(3)
Evaluation of Overhead Line Parameters
31(5)
Earth impedance matrix [Ze]
31(2)
Geometrical impedance matrix [Zg] and admittance matrix [Yg]
33(1)
Conductor impedance matrix [Zc]
34(2)
Series impedance approximation for electromagnetic transients
36(1)
Underground and Submarine Cables
36(3)
Three-phase Models of Transformers
39(12)
Primitive admittance model of three-phase transformers
40(2)
Models for common transformer connections
42(5)
Three-phase transformer models with independent phase tap control
47(1)
Sequence components modelling of three-phase transformers
48(3)
Formation of the System Admittance Matrix
51(1)
References
51(2)
Facts and HVDC Transmission
53(28)
Introduction
53(1)
Flexible a.c. Transmission Systems
53(9)
Thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC)
54(2)
Static on-load tap changing
56(2)
Static phase shifter
58(1)
Static VAR compensator
59(1)
The static compensator (STATCOM)
60(1)
Unified power flow controller (UPFC)
61(1)
High Voltage Direct Current Transmission
62(17)
The a.c.-d.c. converter
62(6)
Commutation reactance
68(1)
d.c. link control
69(5)
Three-phase model
74(5)
References
79(2)
Load Flow
81(48)
Introduction
81(1)
Basic Nodal Method
82(2)
Conditioning of Y Matrix
84(1)
The Case Where One Voltage is Known
85(1)
Analytical Definition of the Problem
86(1)
Newton-Raphson Method of Solving Load Flows
87(7)
Equations relating to power system load flow
89(5)
Techniques Which Make the Newton-Raphson Method Competitive in Load Flow
94(3)
Sparsity programming
94(1)
Triangular factorization
95(1)
Optimal ordering
95(1)
Aids to convergence
96(1)
Characteristics of the Newton-Raphson Load Flow
97(1)
Decoupled Newton Load Flow
98(2)
Fast Decoupled Load Flow
100(4)
Convergence Criteria and Tests
104(1)
Numerical Example
105(1)
Load Flow for Stability Assessment
105(5)
Post-disturbance power flows
105(5)
Modelling techniques
110(1)
Sensitivity analysis
110(1)
Three-phase Load Flow
110(17)
Notation
111(1)
Synchronous machine modelling
111(4)
Specified variables
115(1)
Derivation of equations
115(2)
Decoupled three-phase algorithm
117(6)
Structure of the computer program
123(4)
References
127(2)
Load Flow under Power Electronic Control
129(32)
Introduction
129(1)
Incorporation of Facts Devices
129(6)
Static tap changing
130(1)
Phase-shifting (PS)
130(1)
Thyristor controlled series capacitance (TCSC)
131(1)
Unified power flow controller (UPFC)
132(3)
Incorporation of HVDC Transmission
135(23)
Converter model
137(5)
Solution techniques
142(5)
Control of converter a.c. terminal voltage
147(2)
Extension to multiple and/or multiterminal d.c. systems
149(2)
d.c. convergence tolerance
151(1)
Test system and results
151(4)
Numerical example
155(3)
References
158(3)
Electromagnetic Transients
161(68)
Introduction
161(1)
Background and Definitions
162(1)
Numerical Intergrator Substitution
162(4)
Resistance
163(1)
Inductance
163(1)
Capacitance
164(2)
Transmission Lines and Cables
166(13)
Bergeron line model
167(3)
Multi-conductor transmission lines
170(3)
Frequency-dependent model
173(6)
Formulation and Solution of the System Nodal Equations
179(4)
Modification for switching and varying parameters
180(1)
Non-linear or time varying parameters
181(2)
Use of Subsystems
183(3)
Switching Discontinuities
186(4)
Voltage and current chatter due to discontinuities
188(2)
Root-matching Technique
190(2)
Exponential form of difference equation
190(1)
Root-matching implementation
191(1)
Numerical illustration
191(1)
a.c./d.c. Converters
192(3)
Synchronous Machine Model
195(4)
Transformer Model
199(3)
The PSCAD/EMTDC Program
202(17)
Structure of the program
202(2)
PSCAD/EMTDC Version 3
204(3)
PSCAD/EMTDC test cases
207(12)
Real Time Digital Simulation
219(2)
State Variable Analysis
221(4)
State variable formulation
221(1)
Solution procedure
222(2)
Choice of state variables
224(1)
References
225(4)
System Stability
229(68)
Introduction
229(2)
The form of the equations
230(1)
Frames of reference
231(1)
Synchronous Machines-Basic Models
231(6)
Mechanical equations
231(1)
Electrical equations
232(5)
Synchronous Machine Automatic Controllers
237(6)
Automatic voltage regulators
237(2)
Speed governors
239(2)
Hydro and thermal turbines
241(1)
Modelling lead-lag circuits
242(1)
Loads
243(2)
Low-voltage problems
244(1)
The Transmission Network
245(1)
Overall System Representation
245(7)
Mesh matrix method
245(1)
Nodal matrix method
246(1)
Synchronous machine representation in the network
246(3)
Load representation in the network
249(1)
System faults and switching
249(3)
Integration
252(11)
Problems with the trapezoidal method
255(1)
Programming the trapezoidal method
256(2)
Application of the trapezoidal method
258(5)
Structure of a Transient Stability Program
263(5)
Overall structure
263(1)
Structure of machine and network iterative solution
264(4)
Advanced Component Models
268(27)
Synchronous machine saturation
268(11)
Detailed turbine model
279(5)
Induction machines
284(5)
Relays
289(4)
Unbalanced faults
293(2)
References
295(2)
System Stability under Power Electronic Control
297(48)
Introduction
297(1)
Description of the Algorithm
298(2)
Data flow
299(1)
Modifications required to the component programs
300(1)
TS/EMTDC Interface
300(6)
Equivalent circuit components
300(4)
Interface variables derivation
304(2)
EMTDC to TS Data Transfer
306(4)
Data Extraction from Distorted Waveforms
310(3)
CFA effectiveness
313(1)
Interface Method
313(2)
Interface Location
315(2)
Structure of the Hybrid Program
317(5)
Test System and Results
322(3)
Response of the individual programs
322(1)
TSE hybrid response
323(2)
Quasi Steady-state Converter Simulation
325(14)
Rectifier loads
325(5)
d.c. link
330(4)
Representation of converters in the network
334(5)
Inclusion of converters in the transient stability program
339(1)
Static VAR Compensation Systems
339(4)
Representation of SVS in the overall system
342(1)
References
343(2)
Appendix I Fault Level Derivation 345(6)
I.1 Short Circuit Analysis
345(6)
I.1.1 System equations
346(2)
I.1.2 Fault calculations
348(3)
Appendix II Numerical Integration Methods 351(8)
II.1 Introduction
351(1)
II.2 Properties of the Integration Methods
351(3)
II.2.1 Accuracy
351(1)
II.2.2 Stability
352(1)
II.2.3 Stiffness
353(1)
II.3 Predictor-Corrector Methods
354(2)
II.4 Runge-Kutta Methods
356(1)
II.5 References
357(2)
Appendix III Test System used in the Stability Examples 359(4)
III.1 Reference
362(1)
Index 363

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