Cost-Effectiveness Analysis : Methods and Applications,9780761919339

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis : Methods and Applications

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Edition: 2nd
ISBN13: 9780761919339
ISBN10: 0761919333
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2000-09-27
Publisher(s): Sage Publications, Inc
List Price: $135.00

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Summary

In Praise of First Edition 'Levin does an excellent job presenting the principles, concepts, and techniques of cost analyses and demonstrates their application through the use of specific educational examples and meaningful exercises.' - Journal of Health Administration and Education This Second Edition of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis continues to provide the most current, step-by-step guide to planning and implementing a cost analysis study. Henry M Levin and Patrick J McEwan use detailed and varied examples from studies and articles, ranging from education to public health, to introduce the principles and practice of cost-effectiveness analysis. The authors take account of both the costs and the effects of selecting alternatives, and suggest methods of minimizing the costs of research. New to this edition: expanded coverage of cost effectiveness from types of technique to use, to how to interpret the data; the latest information on cost benefits analysis and how to relate it to outcome measures; in-depth chapter-end exercises to enable readers to sharpen their ability to evaluate policy options and programme effectiveness; feedback appendix for readers to evaluate their responses to exercises; comprehensive bibliography of methodological sources on cost analysis and educational settings grouped by category. This thorough volume primes the reader to deal with any evaluation situation by studying cost-effective analysis in relation to cost-benefit analysis, cost-utility analysis, and cost-feasibility analysis.

Table of Contents

List of Examples
xi
List of Tables
xiii
List of Figures
xv
Acknowledgments to the Second Edition xvi
Preface to the Second Edition xviii
Introduction to Cost Analysis
1(30)
Purpose
3(1)
Goals
4(2)
Importance of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
6(4)
Cost-Analysis Approaches in Evaluation and Decision Making
10(16)
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
10(1)
Cost-Benefit Analysis
11(8)
Cost-Utility Analysis
19(3)
Cost-Feasibility Analysis
22(4)
Summary of Cost-Analysis Approaches
26(1)
Outline of Volume
26(3)
Exercises
29(1)
Notes
30(1)
Establishing an Analytic Framework
31(12)
Identification of the Problem
31(2)
What Are the Alternatives?
33(2)
Who Is the Audience?
35(1)
What Type of Analysis to Use?
36(5)
Nature of the Analytic Task
37(1)
Receptivity of the Audience
38(1)
Time Constraints
39(1)
Available Expertise
40(1)
Is a Cost Analysis Needed?
41(1)
Exercises
42(1)
The Concept and Measurement of Costs
43(16)
The Concept of Costs
43(3)
Inadequacy of Budgets for Cost Analysis
45(1)
The Ingredients Method
46(3)
Identifying Ingredients
47(1)
Familiarity With the Interventions
48(1)
Specification of Ingredients
49(4)
Personnel
49(1)
Facilities
49(1)
Equipment and Materials
50(2)
Other Inputs
52(1)
Required Client Inputs
52(1)
General Considerations in Listing Ingredients
52(1)
Sources of Ingredients Information
53(4)
Exercises
57(1)
Notes
58(1)
Placing Values on Ingredients
59(18)
Purpose and Principles of Cost Valuation
59(2)
Market Prices
60(1)
Shadow Prices
60(1)
Methods for Valuing Ingredients
61(14)
Personnel
62(2)
Facilities
64(6)
Equipment
70(1)
Supplies
71(1)
Required Client Inputs
71(2)
Summary of Cost Valuation of Ingredients
73(2)
Exercises
75(1)
Notes
76(1)
Analyzing Costs
77(30)
Using a Cost Worksheet
77(3)
Allocating Costs Among Constituencies
80(8)
Distributing Ingredients Costs
81(1)
Distributing Cash Subsidies
82(1)
Calculating Net Costs to Each Constituency
83(5)
Costs Over Multiple Years
88(7)
Adjusting Costs for Inflation
88(2)
Discounting Costs
90(4)
Cost Distribution Over Multiple Years
94(1)
Accounting for Uncertainty
95(3)
When No Cost Information Is Readily Available
95(1)
When There Are Different Cost Estimates
96(2)
Costs and Decisions
98(5)
Summary
103(1)
Recommendations for Further Reading
103(1)
Exercises
104(2)
Note
106(1)
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
107(48)
Defining Measures of Effectiveness
108(7)
Linking Objectives and Effectiveness
108(3)
Intermediate Versus Final Outcomes
111(2)
Dealing With Multiple Outcomes
113(2)
Methods of Establishing Effectiveness
115(14)
Impediments to Establishing Causality
115(3)
Experiments, Quasi-Experiments, and Correlational Evaluations
118(7)
How Useful Is Meta-Analysis?
125(4)
Discounting Effects
129(3)
Analyzing the Distribution of Effects
132(1)
Combining Costs and Effectiveness
133(4)
Cost-Effectiveness Ratios
133(4)
Effectiveness-Cost Ratios
137(1)
Accounting for Uncertainty
137(14)
Sensitivity Analysis
141(3)
Decision Trees and Expected Value Analysis
144(5)
Other Methods
149(2)
Summary
151(1)
Recommendations for Further Reading
151(1)
Exercises
152(1)
Notes
153(2)
Cost-Benefit Analysis
155(34)
The Concept of Benefits
156(3)
Methods of Valuing Benefits
159(15)
Experiments, Quasi-Experiments, and Correlational Evaluations
160(7)
Contingent Valuation
167(3)
Observed Behavior
170(4)
Discounting Benefits
174(1)
Analyzing the Distribution of Benefits
174(1)
Combining Costs and Benefits
175(6)
Benefit-Cost Ratio
177(1)
Net Benefits
178(1)
Internal Rate of Return
178(1)
Which Measure Is Preferable?
179(2)
Accounting for Uncertainty
181(1)
Summary
181(1)
Recommendations for Further Reading
182(2)
Exercises
184(2)
Notes
186(3)
Cost-Utility Analysis
189(28)
Multiattribute Utility Theory
190(4)
The Multiattribute Utility Function
191(1)
Further Steps in the Analysis
192(2)
Methods of Assessing Single-Attribute Utility Functions
194(7)
Proportional Scoring
195(2)
The Direct Method
197(1)
The Variable Probability Method
198(2)
A Brief Caveat
200(1)
Methods of Assessing Importance Weights
201(5)
The Direct Method
201(1)
The Variable Probability Method
202(4)
Which Method to Use?
206(1)
Utility to Whom?
206(6)
Discounting Utility
212(1)
Combining Costs and Utility
212(1)
Accounting for Uncertainty
212(2)
Summary
214(1)
Recommendations for Further Reading
214(1)
Exercises
215(1)
Notes
216(1)
The Use of Cost Evaluations
217(32)
Diverse Applications of Cost Analysis
218(2)
Guidelines for Using Cost Analysis
220(5)
Quality of Analyses
220(2)
Generalizability of Analyses
222(2)
Incorporating Outside Information
224(1)
A Checklist for Evaluating Cost Studies
225(5)
Applying the Checklist
230(9)
The Use of League Tables
239(6)
Design and Implementation of Studies---Next Steps
245(2)
What Expertise Is Needed?
245(1)
Working With the Expert
246(1)
Incorporating Cost Analysis Into Evaluation Designs
247(1)
A Final Word
247(1)
Exercises
248(1)
Notes
248(1)
Appendix A 249(16)
Appendix B 265(20)
References 285(14)
Index 299(9)
About the Authors 308

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