Geodesy

by Torge, Wolfgang; Muller, Jurgen

Edition: 4th

ISBN13: 9783110207187

ISBN10: 3110207184

Format: Paperback

Pub. Date: 2012-05-30

Publisher(s): De Gruyter

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Summary

The fourth edition of this textbook has been thoroughly revised in order to reflect the central role which geodesy has achieved in the past ten years. It follows the principal directions of geodesy, providing the theoretical background as well as the principles of measurement and evaluation methods.

Author Biography

Wolfgang Torge is Professor Emeritus of geodesy and gravimetry at the Leibniz Universitt Hannover. Torge was elected President of the International Association of Geodesy from 1991 to 1995. He is author of monographs on gravimetry and history of geodesy in Germany. Jrgen Mller is Professor in physical geodesy at the Leibniz Universitt Hannover since 2001. His main research fields cover gravity field satellite missions, terrestrial gravimetry, related Earth system research, lunar laser ranging and general relativity.

Preface to the Fourth Edition	p. v
Introduction	p. 1
Definition of geodesy	p. 1
The objective of geodesy	p. 2
Historical development of geodesy	p. 4
The spherical Earth model	p. 4
The ellipsoidal Earth model	p. 7
The geoid, arc measurements and national geodestic surveys	p. 9
Three-dimensional geodsey	p. 11
Four-dimensional geodesy	p. 12
Organization of geodesy, literature	p. 12
National organizations	p. 12
International collaboration	p. 13
Literature	p. 15
Reference Systems and Reference Frames	p. 17
Basic units and constants	p. 17
Time systems	p. 19
Atomic time, dynamical time systems	p. 20
Sidereal and Universal Time	p. 21
Reference coordinate systems: fundamentals	p. 24
Celestial Reference System	p. 25
Precession, nutation	p. 27
Terrestrial Reference System	p. 28
Polar motion, Earth rotation	p. 30
International reference systems and reference frames	p. 34
International Celestial Reference frames	p. 34
International Terrestrial Reference System and Frame	p. 39
Transformation between celestial and terrestrial reference systems, Earth orientation parameters	p. 42
International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service	p. 45
Local level systems	p. 46
The Gravity Field of the Earth	p. 53
Fundamentals of gravity field theory	p. 53
Gravitation, gravitational potential	p. 53
Gravitation of a spherically symmetric Earth	p. 55
Properties of the gravitational potential	p. 57
Centrifugal acceleration, centrifugal potential	p. 60
Gravity accelleration, gravity potential	p. 61
Geometry of the gravity field	p. 62
Level surfaces and plumb lines	p. 63
Local gravity field representation	p. 64
Natural coordinates	p. 67
Spherical harmonic expansion of the gravitational potential	p. 69
Expansion of the reciprocal distance	p. 69
Expansion of the gravitational potential	p. 71
Geometrical interpretation of the surface spherical harmonics	p. 73
Physical interpretation of the spherical harmonic coefficients	p. 74
The geoid	p. 76
Definition	p. 76
Mean sea level	p. 78
The geoid as height reference surface	p. 81
Temporal gravity variations	p. 84
Gravitational constant, Earth rotation	p. 85
Tidal acceleration, tidal potential	p. 85
Non-tidal temporal gravity variations	p. 89
The Geodetic Earth Model	p. 91
The rotational ellipsoid	p. 91
Parameters and coordinate systems	p. 91
Curvature	p. 94
Spatial geodetic coordinates	p. 96
The normal gravity field	p. 99
The level ellipsoid, level spheroids	p. 99
The normal gravity field of the level ellipsoid	p. 101
Geometry of the normal gravity field	p. 105
Geodetic reference systems, optimum Earth model	p. 108
Methods of Measurement	p. 113
Atmospheric refraction	p. 113
Fundamentals	p. 114
Tropospheric refraction	p. 117
Ionospheric refraction	p. 121
Satellite observations	p. 123
Undisturbed satellite motion	p. 124
Perturbed satellite motion	p. 126
Artificial Earth satellites	p. 128
Direction, range and range rate (Doppler, DORIS) measurements	p. 131
Global Navigation Satellite Systems GNSS (GPS, GIONASS, Galileo and others)	p. 135
Laser distance measurements	p. 150
Satellite altimetry	p. 154
Satellite-to-satellite tracking, satellite gravity gradiometry	p. 158
Geodetic astronomy	p. 162
Optical observation instruments	p. 163
Astronomic positioning and azimuth determination	p. 166
Reductions	p. 168
Very Long Baseline Interferometry	p. 170
Gravimetry	p. 175
Absolute gravity measurements	p. 175
Relative gravity measurements	p. 183
Gravity reference systems and gravity standard	p. 189
Gravity measurements on moving platforms	p. 190
Gravity gradiometry	p. 197
Continuous gravity measurements	p. 199
Terrestrial geodetic measurements	p. 203
Horizontal and vertical angle measurements	p. 204
Distance measurements, total stations	p. 206
Inertial surveying, underwater acoustic positioning	p. 212
Leveling	p. 215
Tilt and strain measurements	p. 219
Methods of Positioning and Gravity Field Modeling	p. 223
Residual gravity field	p. 224
Disturbing potential, height anomaly, geoid height	p. 224
Gravity disturbance, gravity anomaly, deflection of the vertical	p. 226
Statistical description of the gravity field, interpolation	p. 229
Three-dimensional positioning	p. 233
Observation equations	p. 234
Geodetic datum	p. 240
Horizontal positioning	p. 245
Ellipsoidal trigonometry	p. 245
Reductions to the ellipsoid	p. 247
Computations on the ellipsoid	p. 249
Height determination	p. 252
Heights from geometric leveling	p. 253
Trigonometrical heights	p. 255
Heights from GNSS (GPS)	p. 256
Fundamentals of gravity field modeling	p. 258
The geodetic boundary-value problem	p. 258
Gravitation of topography, digital elevation models	p. 262
Gravity reductions to the geoid	p. 264
Orientation and scale of gravity field models	p. 269
Global gravity field modeling	p. 271
Spherical harmonic expansion	p. 271
"Satellite-only" gravity field models	p. 275
Combined (high resolution) gravity field models	p. 278
Local gravity field modeling	p. 283
Gravimetric geoid heights and deflections of the vertical: integral formulas	p. 283
Gravimetric height anomalies and surface deflections of the vertical	p. 290
The external gravity field	p. 293
Astrogeodetic geoid and quasigeoid determination	p. 296
Least-squares collocation	p. 301
Geodetic and Gravimetric Networks	p. 305
Horizontal control networks	p. 305
Vertical control networks	p. 316
Three-dimensional networks	p. 321
Gravity networks	p. 330
Structure and Dynamics of the Earth	p. 333
The geophysical Earth model	p. 333
The upper layers of the Earth	p. 337
Structure of the Earth's crust and upper mantle	p. 337
Isostasy	p. 338
Plate tectonics	p. 342
Interpretation of the gravity field	p. 344
Geodesy and recent geodynamics	p. 349
Geophysical processes and effects on geodetic products	p. 350
Changes in Earth rotation	p. 353
Sea level variations	p. 355
Crustal deformations	p. 359
Gravity field variations with time	p. 367
Earth tides and tidal loading	p. 375
References	p. 383
Index	p. 421
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Geodesy

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