| Preface |
|
xv | |
|
English Language Learners in School |
|
|
1 | (27) |
|
Who Are English Language Learners? |
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
How Can I Get to Know My English Language Learners? |
|
|
4 | (4) |
|
Getting Basic Information When a New Student Arrives |
|
|
4 | (2) |
|
Classroom Activities That Let You Get to Know Your Students |
|
|
6 | (2) |
|
How Do Cultural Differences Affect Teaching and Learning? |
|
|
8 | (7) |
|
Culture in the Classroom Context |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
Definitions of Culture and Its Content |
|
|
9 | (3) |
|
Sociolinguistic Interactions in the Classroom |
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
Culturally Related Responses to Classroom Organization |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
Literacy Traditions from Home and Community |
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
How Can I Ease Newcomers into the Routines of My Classroom When They Know Little or No English? |
|
|
15 | (3) |
|
First Things First: Safety and Security |
|
|
15 | (1) |
|
Creating a Sense of Belonging |
|
|
16 | (2) |
|
What Kinds of Programs Exist to Meet the Needs of English Language Learners? |
|
|
18 | (8) |
|
Bilingual Education Programs |
|
|
18 | (6) |
|
English Language Development Programs |
|
|
24 | (1) |
|
English Language Learners in the ``General Education'' Classroom |
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
Quality Indicators to Look For in Programs Serving English Learners |
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
|
|
27 | (1) |
|
Second Language Acquisition |
|
|
28 | (33) |
|
What Do You Know When You Know a Language? Defining Language Proficiency as Communicative Competence |
|
|
29 | (4) |
|
Language Acquisition Theories |
|
|
33 | (13) |
|
First Language Acquisition Theories |
|
|
34 | (6) |
|
Second Language Acquisition Theories |
|
|
40 | (6) |
|
Learning a Second Language in School: Processes and Factors |
|
|
46 | (12) |
|
Second Language Acquisition Contexts: Formal Study versus Immersion in a Country Where the Language Is Spoken |
|
|
47 | (2) |
|
Age and the Interplay of Sociocultural, Cognitive, and Personality Factors |
|
|
49 | (2) |
|
Differences in School Expectations of Younger and Older Learners |
|
|
51 | (1) |
|
Teacher Expectations for English Learner Achievement |
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
Language Used for Social Interaction versus Language Used for Academic Learning |
|
|
53 | (2) |
|
Comprehensible Input and Social Interaction |
|
|
55 | (2) |
|
What about Language Learning Errors? |
|
|
57 | (1) |
|
|
|
58 | (1) |
|
Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
|
59 | (1) |
|
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
Classroom Practices for English Learner Instruction |
|
|
61 | (43) |
|
Sheltered Instruction or Specially Designed Academic Instruction in English (SDAIE) |
|
|
64 | (8) |
|
Planning and Organizing Sheltered Instruction or SDAIE |
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
Sheltered Instruction or SDAIE: A Science Example |
|
|
65 | (5) |
|
Sheltered Instruction or SDAIE: A Literature Example |
|
|
70 | (2) |
|
|
|
72 | (5) |
|
|
|
72 | (2) |
|
Cooperative Learning Methods |
|
|
74 | (1) |
|
Phases of Cooperative Group Development |
|
|
75 | (1) |
|
|
|
76 | (1) |
|
|
|
77 | (8) |
|
Distinguishing Theme Units from Theme Cycles |
|
|
79 | (1) |
|
Organizing Thematic Instruction |
|
|
80 | (3) |
|
Functional Language and Literacy Uses in Thematic Instruction |
|
|
83 | (1) |
|
Creating Variety in Language and Literacy Uses |
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
|
|
85 | (9) |
|
Scaffolding: A KEEP Example |
|
|
86 | (3) |
|
Scaffolding in First Language Acquisition Research |
|
|
89 | (1) |
|
Scaffolding Applied to Second Language Acquisition |
|
|
90 | (2) |
|
Scaffolds for First and Second Language Reading and Writing |
|
|
92 | (2) |
|
Assessment of English Learners |
|
|
94 | (7) |
|
English Learner Assessment: Definition and Purposes |
|
|
94 | (2) |
|
Identification and Placement of Students in Need of Language Education Support Services |
|
|
96 | (1) |
|
Limitations of Standardized Language Proficiency Tests |
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
Assessment of Student Learning and Progress |
|
|
99 | (2) |
|
|
|
101 | (1) |
|
Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
|
102 | (1) |
|
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
Oral Language Development in Second Language Acquisition |
|
|
104 | (42) |
|
Oral Language in Perspective |
|
|
105 | (6) |
|
Integration of Listening, Speaking, Reading, and Writing |
|
|
106 | (1) |
|
Relationships among Listening, Speaking, Reading, and Writing |
|
|
107 | (2) |
|
Form, Function, and Social Context in Oral Language Use |
|
|
109 | (2) |
|
Describing Oral Language Performance of Beginning and Intermediate English Learners |
|
|
111 | (5) |
|
Second Language Oral Proficiency of Beginning English Learners |
|
|
112 | (3) |
|
Second Language Oral Proficiency of Intermediate English Learners |
|
|
115 | (1) |
|
Promoting Oral Language Development in the Classroom |
|
|
116 | (10) |
|
|
|
118 | (1) |
|
|
|
118 | (1) |
|
|
|
119 | (2) |
|
|
|
121 | (1) |
|
|
|
121 | (1) |
|
Tape Recording Children's Re-Creations of Wordless Book Stories |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
Taping and Dubbing a Television Show |
|
|
123 | (1) |
|
|
|
124 | (1) |
|
|
|
125 | (1) |
|
Oral Language Development through Content-Area Instruction |
|
|
126 | (5) |
|
Oral English Development and Use in Mathematics |
|
|
126 | (2) |
|
Oral English Development and Use in Science |
|
|
128 | (1) |
|
Oral English Development and Use in Social Studies |
|
|
129 | (2) |
|
Classroom Assessment of English Learners' Oral Language Development |
|
|
131 | (11) |
|
The Student Oral Language Observation Matrix (SOLOM) |
|
|
131 | (7) |
|
Checklists and Anecdotal Observations |
|
|
138 | (4) |
|
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
|
143 | (1) |
|
|
|
144 | (2) |
|
Emergent Literacy: English Learners Beginning to Write and Read |
|
|
146 | (56) |
|
What Does Research Tell Us about the Early Literacy Development of English Learners? |
|
|
149 | (2) |
|
Contrasting the Emergent Literacy and Reading Readiness Perspectives |
|
|
151 | (5) |
|
Reading Readiness Perspective |
|
|
151 | (2) |
|
Emergent Literacy Perspective |
|
|
153 | (2) |
|
Differences between Oral and Written Language Development |
|
|
155 | (1) |
|
Highlighting Literacy Functions in Your Classroom |
|
|
156 | (1) |
|
Exploring the Visual Form of Written Language |
|
|
157 | (11) |
|
Development of Alphabetic Writing: Connecting Symbols and Sounds |
|
|
159 | (4) |
|
Print Concepts That Emerge in Emergent Literacy |
|
|
163 | (2) |
|
Invented or Temporary Spelling: Children Working Out Sound/Symbol Correspondences |
|
|
165 | (3) |
|
Emergent Literacy in English as a Non-native Language |
|
|
168 | (2) |
|
Home and School Environments That Nurture Emergent Literacy |
|
|
170 | (6) |
|
How Do Home Environments Promote Early Literacy? |
|
|
171 | (2) |
|
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
Promoting Parent Involvement in English Learners' Schooling |
|
|
174 | (2) |
|
Classroom Strategies to Promote Early Literacy |
|
|
176 | (9) |
|
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
Creating a Literacy-Rich Classroom Environment |
|
|
177 | (2) |
|
|
|
179 | (1) |
|
Using Daily Routines to Highlight the Forms and Functions of Print |
|
|
179 | (2) |
|
Reading Aloud to Students |
|
|
181 | (2) |
|
Shared Writing and Reading through the Language Experience Approach |
|
|
183 | (1) |
|
|
|
183 | (1) |
|
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
Helping Children Recognize and Spell Words Independently |
|
|
185 | (10) |
|
Using Big Books to Teach Sight Words and Phonics |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
Increasing Students' Sight Word Vocabulary |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
|
|
188 | (2) |
|
Invented or Temporary Spelling and Word Recognition |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
Developmental Levels in Student Spelling |
|
|
190 | (5) |
|
Summary of Early Literacy Instructional Strategies |
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
Evaluating Emergent Literacy Development |
|
|
195 | (3) |
|
|
|
198 | (1) |
|
Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
|
|
200 | (2) |
|
English Learners and Process Writing |
|
|
202 | (55) |
|
Research on Second Language Writing |
|
|
204 | (2) |
|
|
|
206 | (5) |
|
Experiencing Process Writing: ``I Remember'' |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
Students' Responses to ``I Remember'' |
|
|
208 | (3) |
|
How Process Writing Helps English Learners |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
Collaborative Contexts for Process Writing |
|
|
212 | (8) |
|
|
|
212 | (5) |
|
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
Publishing Student Writing |
|
|
218 | (2) |
|
Developmental Phases in Second Language Writing |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
Description of Beginning Writers |
|
|
221 | (2) |
|
Strategies to Assist Beginning Writers |
|
|
223 | (11) |
|
Strategies to Assist Beginning Writers |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
Partner Stories Using Pictures and Wordless Books |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
Concept Books: Creating a Teaching Library |
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
Peek-a-boo Books for Younger Students and Riddle Books for Older Students |
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
From Personal Journals to Dialogue Journals to Buddy Journals |
|
|
227 | (3) |
|
Improvisational Sign Language |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
Description of Intermediate Writers |
|
|
234 | (2) |
|
Strategies for Intermediate Writers |
|
|
236 | (9) |
|
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
|
|
240 | (2) |
|
|
|
242 | (3) |
|
A Word about Writing with Computers |
|
|
245 | (2) |
|
Assessing English Learners' Writing Progress |
|
|
247 | (6) |
|
|
|
247 | (4) |
|
|
|
251 | (2) |
|
|
|
253 | (2) |
|
Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
|
|
255 | (2) |
|
Reading and Literature Instruction for English Language Learners |
|
|
257 | (50) |
|
What Does Research Tell Us about Reading in a Second Language? |
|
|
259 | (4) |
|
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
English Language Learners and Background Knowledge |
|
|
260 | (2) |
|
Reading Processes of Proficient Readers |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
Working in Literature Response Groups |
|
|
263 | (4) |
|
Steps That Prepare Students to Work in Response Groups |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
How Response to Literature Assists English Language Learners |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
Developmental Phases in Second Language Reading |
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
Beginning Readers: Characteristics and Strategies |
|
|
267 | (13) |
|
Language-Experience Approach |
|
|
268 | (3) |
|
Providing Quality Literature for Beginners |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
|
|
272 | (2) |
|
Illustrating Stories and Poems |
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
Shared Reading with Big Books |
|
|
274 | (2) |
|
Directed Listening-Thinking Activity (DL-TA) |
|
|
276 | (2) |
|
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
|
|
279 | (1) |
|
Intermediate Readers: Characteristics and Strategies |
|
|
280 | (9) |
|
|
|
281 | (3) |
|
Directed Reading-Thinking Activity (DR-TA) |
|
|
284 | (2) |
|
Literature Response Journals |
|
|
286 | (2) |
|
Developing Scripts for Readers' Theater |
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
Adapting Stories into Plays and Scripts for Film and Videotape |
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
Using Computers and CD-ROMs to Enhance Learning |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
Assessing Second Language Readers' Progress |
|
|
289 | (14) |
|
Assessing with Materials Students Bring to Class |
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
|
|
291 | (8) |
|
Informal Reading Inventories |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
|
|
299 | (2) |
|
|
|
301 | (2) |
|
|
|
303 | (2) |
|
Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
Content Reading and Writing: Prereading and During Reading |
|
|
307 | (34) |
|
What Does Research Tell Us about Reading and Writing across the Curriculum for English Language Learners? |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
Background Information on Students' Interactions with Texts |
|
|
312 | (8) |
|
Aesthetic and Efferent Interactions with Texts |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Effects of Text Structure on Comprehension and Memory |
|
|
313 | (6) |
|
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
Metacognition and Learning from Text |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
Matching Students and Texts |
|
|
320 | (4) |
|
Evaluating Students' Interaction with Text Using the Group Reading Inventory (GRI) |
|
|
321 | (3) |
|
Strategies to Promote Reading Comprehension |
|
|
324 | (2) |
|
Prereading Strategies: Developing Motivation, Purpose, and Background Knowledge |
|
|
326 | (6) |
|
Teacher Talk: Making Purposes Clear |
|
|
326 | (2) |
|
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
Developing Vocabulary before Students Read a Text |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
During-Reading Strategies: Monitoring Comprehension |
|
|
332 | (6) |
|
Using Headings and Subheadings |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
Directed Reading-Thinking Activity (DR-TA) |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
Vocabulary Strategies during Reading |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
Using Clustering to Develop Vocabulary in Context |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
|
|
336 | (2) |
|
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
Content Reading and Writing: Postreading Strategies For Organizing and Remembering |
|
|
341 | (31) |
|
Postreading Strategies for Students |
|
|
342 | (6) |
|
Semantic Feature Analysis for Vocabulary Development after Reading |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
Rebearsing to Organize and Remember Information |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
|
|
346 | (2) |
|
Writing as a Learning Tool across the Curriculum |
|
|
348 | (9) |
|
Journals and Learning Logs |
|
|
348 | (2) |
|
Developing Topics and Student Self-Selection of Topics in Content Areas |
|
|
350 | (2) |
|
Photo Essays: Combining Direct Experience, the Visual Mode, and Writing |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
Written and Oral Collaborative Research Projects |
|
|
353 | (3) |
|
K-W-L, a Strategy That Fosters Thinking before, during, and after Reading |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
Theme Studies: Providing a Meaningful Learning Context |
|
|
357 | (7) |
|
Introducting the Topic and Choosing Study Questions |
|
|
357 | (3) |
|
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
Instructional Modifications for English Learners |
|
|
361 | (3) |
|
|
|
364 | (4) |
|
|
|
364 | (3) |
|
Using Multiple Measures for Assessment |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
|
|
370 | (2) |
|
Reading Assessment and Instruction |
|
|
372 | (40) |
|
Theoretical Approach to Literacy Assessment |
|
|
374 | (11) |
|
Language Proficiency: Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing |
|
|
374 | (5) |
|
Looking Closely at the Reading Process in English |
|
|
379 | (3) |
|
Resources that Non-Native-English Speakers Bring to English Reading |
|
|
382 | (3) |
|
Assessing Reading Using an Informal Reading Inventory |
|
|
385 | (15) |
|
Using IRIs to Systematically Assess Students Status and Progress |
|
|
386 | (2) |
|
Reading Levels Can be Established Using Informal Reading Inventories |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
Procedures for Determining Independent, Instructional and Frustration Levels |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
Independent Reading Level |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
Instructional Reading Level |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
Frustration Reading Level |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
Sample Informal Reading Inventory |
|
|
390 | (2) |
|
Case Study of Lou Using an IRI |
|
|
392 | (4) |
|
Summary of Lou's Reading Abilities |
|
|
396 | (4) |
|
A List of Commercial Informal Reading Inventories |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
Other Procedures for Evaluating and Instructing Struggling Readers Linking Assessment and Instruction |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
Linking Assessment and Instruction |
|
|
401 | (8) |
|
|
|
402 | (4) |
|
|
|
406 | (2) |
|
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
|
|
410 | (2) |
|
|
|
412 | (5) |
| Bibliography |
|
417 | (19) |
| Author Index |
|
436 | |
| Subject Index |
|