Strategic Choices in Science and Technology Korea in the Era of a Rising China,9780833037466

Strategic Choices in Science and Technology Korea in the Era of a Rising China

by
ISBN13: 9780833037466
ISBN10: 0833037463
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2005-04-09
Publisher(s): RAND Corporation
List Price: $22.00

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Summary

"Active investment in China, finding more market opportunities in China, and strengthening the cooperative relationship with China have so far been successful paths for Korean companies and the government to take in response to China s new economic might. It is uncertain whether Korea can maintain its market position in both Chinese and world markets in the future as China becomes more competitive in many industries where Korea currently has a relative advantage. What should Korea do to confront these uncertainties and to maintain its economic dynamism? What would be appropriate strategies and policies for Korea to pursue, particularly in science and technology? This study develops a simple model of the Korean economy and four alternative S&T strategies that Korea could follow and shows how those strategies may affect Korean prosperity, explicitly considering the many uncertainties that Korea confronts. Using the metric of average annual rate of growth in GDP per capita for Korea during the period leading to 2015, the authors assess each strategy for performance across an ensemble of 100 future scenarios."--BOOK JACKET.

Table of Contents

Preface iii
Figures xi
Tables xiii
Summary xv
Acknowledgments xxxi
Abbreviations xxxiii
CHAPTER ONE Introduction 1(6)
Objective of the Study
3(1)
Approach
3(1)
Scope of the Analysis
4(1)
Outline of the Report
4(3)
CHAPTER TWO Korea's Main Economic Concerns About a Rising China 7(20)
Are China and Korea Competitive or Complementary?
7(2)
Can the Mutually Beneficial Korea-China Trade Relationship Be Sustained in the Long Run?
9(3)
Will Korea and China Be Increasingly Competitive in the Near Future?
12(4)
Was Korea Squeezed Out of Markets in Industrialized Countries While Gaining Market Share in China?
16(4)
Squeezed Out of the China Market?
20(1)
Is Korea's Manufacturing Sector Being Hollowed Out?
21(2)
The Threat May Have Been Covered lip by the Past Decade's World Economic Boom
23(2)
External Risk Factors: China's Overheated Economy
25(1)
Narrowing Technological Gap Between Korea and China
26(1)
CHAPTER THREE Current Technological Capability: S&T Indicators and Trends 27(28)
International Comparison of Technological Capabilities
27(9)
Country-Level Aggregate Indices of S&T Capabilities
28(3)
Korea Is Currently Ahead of China in Aggregate S&T Capability
31(1)
High R&D-to-GDP Ratio and High Gross Tertiary Science Enrollment Are the Major Contributors to Korea's High STCI Score
31(2)
Limitations of Aggregate Indices
33(1)
On an Absolute Scale, China Is Ahead in R&D Investment and Human Resources
34(2)
Major S&T Indicators for China
36(18)
Rapid Growth in R&D Investment
36(2)
Relatively Little Funding for Basic Research
38(1)
Scientific Paper Publication Outperforms Basic Research Investment
38(2)
Some Studies Assert That China Is Already a "Research Powerhouse"
40(2)
China Has an Absolute Advantage in Scientists and Engineers, and the Supply Is Abundant and Increasing
42(1)
Success in Educational Reform Further Strengthens China's Human Resource Advantage
43(2)
Patent Data Show China Has Limited Invention Capabilities
45(2)
The Chinese Industrial Sector Is Not the Major Player in Invention-Type Patents
47(1)
China Is Behind in Overseas Patent Activity
47(2)
Korea Is Relatively Strong in International Patent Activity
49(3)
The Increase in China's High-Tech Exports Is Mainly Due to Foreign-Invested Companies
52(2)
Limited R&D Capability with Increasing Potential
54(1)
CHAPTER FOUR China's National Innovation System and R&D Strategies 55(46)
China's National S&T Strategy
55(4)
China's Core Development Strategy: "Rejuvenating the Nation Through Science and Education"
56(1)
S&T and Education Are the Two Pillars of China's Economic Development
57(2)
China's National Innovation System
59(16)
Main Actors and Institutional Arrangement of the Chinese NIS
60(1)
The Key Universities and the Chinese Academy of Science Are Major Knowledge Creators
60(2)
The CAS As a Reformed Research Powerhouse
62(2)
Universities As Major R&D Performers
64(4)
The Chinese Indigenous Industrial Sector Is a Relatively Weak Link in the NIS
68(7)
China's S&T Policy Governance Structure
75(2)
Hierarchical and Centralized
75(1)
Comparison with Korea's New S&T Policy Governance
76(1)
China Promotes R&D in a Few Focused Areas
77(2)
Next-Generation Emerging Technologies in China: IT, Biotechnology, and New Materials
78(1)
Comparison with Korea's Focus on Future Technologies
79(1)
China's Major National R&D Programs
79(7)
The National Basic Research Program (973 Program)
81(1)
The National High-Technology R&D Program (863 Program)
82(2)
The Torch Program
84(2)
Interaction with the Foreign Sector
86(11)
FDI Contributed Significantly to China's Economic Development
86(1)
Education and Training by Foreign Invested Enterprises (FIEs)
87(1)
Technology Transfer from Foreign Sources: "Market for Technology"
88(2)
R&D Centers of Foreign Multinational Corporations in China
90(1)
Setting Technology Standards: The Large Domestic Market As Leverage
91(2)
Overseas M&A Activities by Chinese Companies
93(2)
Global Network of Overseas Chinese
95(1)
Impact of Foreign Competition
96(1)
A Stronger Industrial Sector with an Extensive Global Network
97(1)
Evaluation of China's NIS and the Direction of Its Strategy
97(4)
CHAPTER FIVE Future Prospects and Options for Korea 101(26)
Future Prospects for S&T Progress in Korea and China
102(10)
Where Is Korea Positioned in the Technology Race?
102(3)
How Does China Evaluate Its Global S&T Progress?
105(1)
Future Prospects for the Technology Gap Between Korea and China
106(2)
How Is Korea Paving Its Way to the Future?
108(3)
How Is China Preparing for Future Emerging Technologies?
111(1)
Korea and China Are Similar in Their Preparations for the Future
112(1)
Options for Korea and Their Policy Implications
112(2)
Fortify Strengths in R&D Intensity but Obtain R&D Efficiency Too
113(1)
The Government's Role in Future-Oriented Long-Term Research
114(3)
Next-Generation Technologies and Generic Technologies
114(1)
From an IT-Focused Strategy to Diversification into Biotechnology and Nanotechnology
115(1)
Accelerate the Pace of S&T Progress Through More Active Global Networking
116(1)
Should Korea Be More Engaged in the China Market?
117(1)
Engaging with China and Taking Advantage of China's Strength
117(1)
How Much Should Korea Focus on the China Market?
117(1)
Diversifying into Other Geographic Markets, Especially Advanced Countries with More Sophisticated Demand
118(1)
Education for Creativity and Innovative Thinking
119(2)
Reform the Formal Education System to Promote Creative Learning
119(1)
Develop Highly Qualified Scientists and Engineers by Supporting Broader Access to Higher Education
119(1)
Education to Overcome the Dichotomy of Growth and Distribution
120(1)
Investment Beyond Production and Technology
121(3)
Understanding the Uses of Technology and the Subtleties of Customers' Needs
121(1)
Selling Knowledge Versus Selling Commodities
122(1)
Better Living Environments to Compete for, Maintain, and Recruit International Experts
123(1)
Openness May Have to Be Korea's Strategy No Less Than China's
124(1)
Summary of the Options and Their Linkage to the Next Chapter
125(2)
CHAPTER SIX Future Scenarios 127(32)
Using Scenarios Analytically
127(2)
A Simple Model of Korea's National Economy
129(5)
The Role of China in Korea's Future
129(2)
The Need for Sustaining Technological Levels
131(2)
The Nature of the Korean Labor Force
133(1)
Strategies and Scenarios
134(5)
Analytical Models and Policy over the Long Term
134(2)
Four "Strategies" for Korea
136(3)
Analytical Results
139(18)
Strategy Performance Under Different Assumptions
139(3)
Exploring the Implications of Uncertainty
142(3)
Toward Robust Strategies in the Face of Deep Uncertainty
145(4)
Challenges to Robustness and Characterizing Uncertainties
149(2)
Challenge Scenarios to Probe Robustness of Candidate Strategies
151(6)
Discussion and Conclusions
157(2)
CHAPTER SEVEN Conclusion 159(8)
Strategies for Korea
161(2)
Support R&D Intensity but Obtain R&D Efficiency Too
161(1)
Engage with China
161(1)
Reform Education
162(1)
Pursue Openness
163(1)
Future Scenarios
163(4)
APPENDIX
A. Additional Specifications for the Model of the Korean National Economy
167(2)
B. Major National S&T Programs in China: Objectives and Resources
169(6)
References 175

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